When Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941, Romania was not fighting for Hitler’s ideology—but for its own survival. After losing vast territories in 1940, General Ion Antonescu aligned the country ...

Introduction -- Politics 1940-1941. Europe in July 1940 ; Hitler's ideology and strategy ; The monstrous scheme : a Greater Germanic empire ; Stalin's ideology and strategy -- The eve of war. The ...

On 22 June 1941, the German Wehrmacht launched a war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Under the code name ‘Operation Barbarossa’, the campaign aimed to bring the vast country in the east to its ...

Adolf Hitler’s rise and fall was driven as much by catastrophic decision-making as by the military power he briefly commanded. While the Third Reich’s collapse had many causes—economic limits, Allied ...