Bladder Outlet Obstruction Case Patient: 50-year-old male Clinical History: Dribbling urine, poor urinary stream, sensation of incomplete emptying. Evaluate for bladder outlet obstruction. Recommendations • Uroflowmetry for functional assessment • Retrograde urethrogram (RUG) to map stricture location and length • VCUG if dynamic assessment needed • Urology consultation for definitive management (dilatation, VIU, or urethroplasty) • Monitor renal function and follow-up ultrasound if symptoms per

Bladder stones — also called vesical calculi — form when urine in the bladder becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize. They can develop when the bladder doesn't empty fully, often due to: Bladder outlet obstruction Neurogenic bladder Chronic infections Foreign bodies (like catheters) Bladder stones can range from tiny grains to large, layered structures and may cause pain, bleeding, or infections. This animation shows their position inside the bladder in 3D. Based on SciePro’s 3D